kingdom

In biology, a kingdom is the top-level, or nearly the top-level, grouping of organisms in scientific classification. Originally two kingdoms were distinguished: the Animalia for animals, and the Vegetabilia or Plantae for plants. Early authors also treated minerals in a third kingdom Mineralia. Each kingdom was divided into classes, later grouped into phyla for animals and divisions for plants. More recently, various other kingdoms have been created, and the ideal number and delineations are not settled.
When single-celled organisms were first discovered, they were split between the two kingdoms: mobile forms in the animal phylum Protozoa, and colored algae and bacteria in the plant division Thallophyta or Protophyta. However, a number of forms were placed in both - for instance the mobile alga Euglena, and the amoeba-like slime moulds. As a result, Ernst Haeckel suggested creating a third kingdom Protista for them, although this was not very popular until relatively recently (sometimes as the Protoctista).
The discovery that bacteria have a radically different cell structure from other organisms (prokaryotic rather than eukaryotic) led Copeland to give them a separate kingdom, originally called Mychota but later referred to as Monera or Bacteria. As it became apparent how important this distinction is, it became popular to divide living things into two superkingdoms or empires, called Prokaryota and Eukaryota.
Whittacker recognized an additional kingdom for the Fungi. The resulting five-kingdom system, proposed in 1959, has became a popular standard and with some refinement is still used in many works, or forms the basis for newer multi-kingdom systems. It is based mainly on differences in nutrition: his Plantae were mostly multicellular autotrophs, his Animalia multicellular heterotrophs, and his Fungi multicellular saprotrophs. The remaining two kingdoms, Protista and Monera, included unicellular and simple cellular colonies.
In the years around 1980 there was an emphasis on phylogeny and redefining the kingdoms to be monophyletic. The Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi were generally reduced to core groups of closely related forms, and the others thrown into the Protista. Based on rRNA studies Carl Woese divided the prokaryotes into two kingdoms, called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Such six-kingdom systems have become standard in many works.
A variety of new eukaryotic kingdom were also proposed, but most were quickly invalidated, ranked down to phyla or classes, or abandoned. The only one which is still in common use is the kingdom Chromista proposed by Cavalier-Smith, which comprises heterokonts such as kelp, diatoms, and water moulds together with a few close relatives. Thus the eukaryotes are divided into three primarily heterotrophic groups, the Animalia, Fungi, and Protozoa, and two primarily photosynthetic groups, the Plantae (including red algae) and Chromista. However, it has not become widely used because of uncertainty over the monophyly of the latter two kingdoms.

Feeling better

I am thrilled to be over the food poisoning. I don't think I have ever had such a debilitating experience with it. I guess because I'm not exactly a petite little thing I usually haven't absorbed all the crap into my system before either, so who knows.The hives have gotten better. Decreasing each day when I wake up. Still not sure what they are coming from, laundry soap, the last reminants of this crap in my system, who knows. I try not to dwell on it too much. I just noticed I have a bit on my left leg now which is just buggin the crap out of me. Little tiny red itchies before they get to the hives point. Akkkk.Starting my "new way of eating" today...so far so good, just had breakfast. This new way of eating actually involves eating things other than burgers and fries. Wow an actual BANANA. Who knew? It's about time I drop some LBS. Really it is. Once I'm over this freaking cough, I can start my walking with my MP3 player. I've been carrying it with me everywhere to show it off, and just in case.The weekend is almost here, and payday is Monday which we know makes me VERY happy. Yay Monday.That's enough ramblings for now. Peace all!

Happy Memorial Day Weekend

Hey guys, Happy Memorial Day weekend! To those of you who are already off work and enjoying your time, good for you! Unfortunately I have to work until 5, and then again tomorrow morning at 6am. The good news? I get outta here at 3pm Saturday and I am off Sunday & Monday---yay.What is everyone upto? My brother and sister-in-law and niece are outta town which kinda sucks. We will probably hang out and spend some time with my parents. Big fun I realize. Definately some BBQ over at the parents. We have to they have a rad built-in outdoor BBQ...professional.The best news so far today is no HIVES, and the cough is feeling better. I think the antibiotics mom gave me have made a drastic assistance in my condition. Woo hoo momz.Being in Los Angeles, at least we have good weather. It's overcast today, but supposed to be gorgeous all weekend. Maybe I can catch some rays. I need to do something about my pasty legs.I wouldn't mind going to the movies, but a friend of mine heard from a friend of his that "The Day After Tomorrow" sucked. I don't know if I want to pay full-price for it if it is going to be stupid. I'm so sick of being dissappointed by movies. I haven't seen a really good movie since High Fidelity!Anyhow, work is CRAWLING because people are out of town having fun, so I will write more interesting blatherings tomorrow. florida discounted dental care florida discount health careArchitectural Outdoor Lightingoutdoor villa lighting